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The most ideal place to scrutinize the age of the
appearance of the features of dermatoglyphics
was the museum of the institute of Anatomy of
the same university where the embryos are
preserved in glass jars of different ages of their
developments. On critically examination this age
of the appearance of the said features was
authenticated to be 13th week as stated earlier.
Etymologically review means to take view and
inspection of retrospective, present and to same
extent visualise the prospective view of the
subject. It is one of the difficult exercise as it is
fraught with problems and pittalls as it is not easy
accomplish and it is hard to decide what to include
an what to ignore undoubtedly it a very ambitions
job. Neverthless attempt has been made.
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The importance of dermatoglyphics goes back
to ancient China (1839) where it was common
practice in the sale of the land. The deed of the
land carried the impression of the finger prints as
an acknowledgement of the deed. There was also
prevailing custom of the sale of the children there,
The prints of the palm and soles were recorded as
the safegaurd against the impersonation. Lauter
(1912) has provided the history of the finger print
system. Hersched (1916) has traced the origin of
the finger prints. Cummins (1927) has found the
impression of a thumb print an clay. Heindl (1929)
has reported the first finger print for the
identification in Germany. Cummins (1930) has
exhibited the first finger print carving of the Stone
Age. de Forest (1930) has traced the dactyloscopy
in the United States of America. Wilton (1938)
published a book Finger Prints History, Law and
Romance. Myers (1939) has provided the history
of identification of finger prints. Penrose (1968)
has drafted the memorundum on dermatoglyhics
nomenclature.
DERMATOGLYPHICS
Once the importance of the dermatoghyphics
has been established a hordes of investigators
developed the fascination for the study of the
finger prints. It was easy to collect the finger
prints. It has many advantages. Firstly it requires
the minimum of equipment and a bit of persuation
of the subjects. The data thus collected can be
preserved for lifelong. It can be analysed at
leisure, tabulated, evaluated followed by the
logical conclusions.
The frequencies of the
patterns whorls, loops and arches are calculated
for each fingers of both right and left hands and
of both sexes. Finally totalled. This was the
beginning of the scientific interest.
The published
work, include the frequencies of various patterns,
for personal identification, Inheritance, anomalous
patterns, medico-legal cases etc. Some of
the authors who have made a significant contribution
are given below:
Faulds (1905), Hellwig (1912), Carriere (1923).
Ganther (1923), Roscher (1925), Furuhata (1927).
Heindl (1927), Bonnevie (1929), Cummins (1930,
1934, 1961), Metiner (1930), Gerke (1932), Harster
(1932), Saller (1932), Abel (1933, 1935), Geipel
(1935, 1937), Kirchmair (1936), Csik (1927), Henry
(1937), MacArther (1937), Pol (1937), Dankmeijer
(1938), de Pina (1939), Okuma (1940), Kumbnani
(1959, 1968, 1972, 1978, 1984, 1990, 1991, 2005),
Singh (1961), Volotzkoy (1961), Bali (1968), Sen
(1968), Clercil (1969), Bhanu (1975) Mavalwala
(1977), Singh and Bhasin (1979), Livshits (1987),
Micle (1988), Kamali (1990), Bhasin and Walter
(2001).
Middle and Proximal Phalanges
This is one of the dermatoglyphics areas of
the fingers which is mostly ignored, and
neglected. It is called as the middle and proximal
phalanges. The charmed investigators can be
counted on the fingers tips. There are only four
published papers and by three authors namely,
Ploetz-Radmann (1937), King (1939) and
Kumbnani (1959, 1962). All the features of the
Dermatoglyphics are extremely useful in
apprehending the culprits and the patterns on
the middle and proximal phalanges of the fingers
inclusive.
PALMAR DERMATOGLYPHICS
After finger prints in the study of dermatoglyphics
are study of the palm prints and it is
of a great importance. Many parameters of the
palm prints have attracted the attention of the
investigators. The parameters include palmar main
lines D.C.B.A. axial triradius, angle atd. polymorphism
of main line C, configurational areas
viz. hyothenar, thenar/I, II, III, and IV intendigital
areas, inheritance of the patterns, main line index
and transversality, palmar creases. Something
which has been eluding for decades is the pattern
in the parathenar area.
Parathenar Area
Parathenar Area is the part of the palm print.
It is ensconced between the hypothenar and
thenar/ Ist Interdigital area. For reason unknown
it has been ignored, neglected and never cared. It
remained a hiden till 1993 when a pattern loop
miraculously surfaced after scanning the palms
of 60,000 thousands subjects (120,000 palms), the
pattern loop was noticed by the author in 1993. It
was indeed a landmark discovery. The pattern in
the parathenar area is a historical finding in the
field of dermatoglyphics in general and in the
palmar formuale in particular. Now there is a
compelling need to revise the existing palm
formula of ten components to eleven and it stands
as follows.
D.C.B.A - Axial Triradius- Hypothenar. Parathenar.
Thenar/I.II.III.IV.
The image and the language of the palm
formula would have been different had if been
spotted during the Cumminsonian era. Some of
the devoted investigators who have enriched the
palm prints are Valsik (1928), Cummins (1931, 1935),
Bettmann (1932), Schaeuble (1933), Beletti (1934),
Biswas (1936), Steggerda (1936), Fleischhauer
(1951), Kumbnani (1959, 1963, 1967, 1969, 1971,
1973, 1978, 1990, 1991, 2000, 2005), Das (1964),
Bansal (1965), Bhasin (1966), Das Sharma (1966),
Mukherjee (1966), Tiwari (1967), Chattopadhaya
(1970), Mahapatra (1970), Plato (1970),
Bhatacharaya (1971), Bhanu (1972), Bali (1974,
1983) Naffah (1974), Chaube (1977), Mukherjee
(1980), Borottice (1981), Das (1981), Eshawarai
(1981), Narahai (1983) Abel (1983), Raju (1983),
Das (1985), Deep Kumar (1985), Rami Reddy
(1985), Kamali (1986, 1990), Sharma (1986),
Malhotra (1987).
PLANTAR DERMATOGLYPHICS
Soles
Although the investigation of sole prints is
yet another interesting study yet not many
investigators have choice, quite often the prints
are incomplete and the exercise has to be repeated.
There are a score of the experts who were keenly
involved in the study of sole prints Fere (1900),
Wilder (1903, 1904, 1922), Cummins (1923, 1926),
Montgomery (1925), Montgemery (1927), Sabatin
(1928), Takeya (1934), Hozyo (1936), Steffens
(1953), Wichmann (1956), Datta (1958, 1963, 1966),
Bhasin (1967), Bali (1968), Tiwari (1971, 1983),
Pateria (1973), Singhrol (1981), Kapoor (1983).
Toes
The investigations of the toe prints is yet
another component of dermatoglyphics. The
collection of the toe prints is one of the toughtest
exercise unlike the finger and palm, the prints of
the toes can only be collected on the slips of
papers, it is not possible to role the toes like the
fingers. One has to be on his toes collect the
prints of toes as such a investigation has been
made by the braves. The published work includes
of Fere (1900), Cummins (1923), Takeya (1933),
Newman (1936), Steffens (1938) and Bali (1968).
The investigations by these authors are patterns
of toe, comparing the finger and toe prints and
genetic correlation of finger and toe prints. Only
four had the patience to collect the toe prints and
published their findings.
DERMATOGLYPHIC TOPOLOGY
Dermatoglyphic classification based on
Dermatoglyphics topology (Penrose, 1965) has
been purposed by Penrose and Loesch (1969,
1970) and Loesch (1975, 1983) by which the
number of possible combinations of patterns on
fingers, palms and soles are reduced considerably
thus facilitating the study of mode of inheritance.
Topological classification is based on (1) description
of all loops and ennumeration of all the
triradii. (2) Each whorl is rated as the equivalent
of two loops and arches, vestiges, and other ridge
configurations, which are not true patterns are
not taken into consideration. (3) Extralimital
triradii are included in counting. (4) The resulting
pattern intensity as measured by the number of
loops on the normal palm or sole is four less than
the number of triradii. (5) All individual loops and
triradii with the exception of digital triradii are
recorded in a formula. Penrose and Loesch (1969,
1970) and Loesch (1975) described the dictionary
of patterns to record the individual results.
INHERITANCE
All the physical traits genetically controlled
and are passed on from generation ot generation
governed by the laws of inheritance propounded
of Mendel and the features of dermatoglyphics
are no exception. The literature published is replete
with the same. The emphasis is given to the
patterns on the configurational areas, Main Line-
C, palmar creases etc. One of the most important
investigations by the author titled inheritance of
palmar configurations areas published in journal
Zeitschrift für Mophologie and Anthropologie
in 1969 have given a very intensive and extensive
account of the mode of inheritance in all the
configurational areas of the palm, some other
authors who have made their presence felt in such
investigations are given below.
Elderton (1920), Carriere (1923), Leven (1927),
Grüenberg (1928), Saller (1932), Harresser (1934),
Karl (1934), Weninger (1935), Czik (1937), Komai
(1937), Reed (1937), Von Wehren (1937) Weinand
(1937), Weninger (1937), Walker (1941), Holt
(1968), Kumbnani (1969), Reed (1975), Mukherjee
(1980) and Loesch (1983).
PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION
The personal identification of the person is
the most crucial aspect in the detection of the
crime. It is here that the features of dermatoglyphics
play a very vital role. The chance prints
left at the scenes of crime are lifted and compared
with the suspected persons and identification of
the criminal established. Finger prints are regarded
as an infalliable evidence and some investigators
are Wentworth (1932), Bugge (1938),
Catellanos (1939), Cummins (1935), Inbua (1934),
Hoover (1938), Mavalwala (1977), Hall (1979).
DISPUTED PATERNITY
There is an immense role that features of
dermatoglyphics have to play in medico-legal cases
like the dispute of paternity. The prints of the
mother, the child and the putitave father are taken
in giving the verdict. In Germany if the paternity is
proved the man has to support the child financially
till it achieves the age of the 18 years. The quantum
of the financial support depends upon the status
and position of the man. Many such cases have
been reported, some of the investigators are-
Hellwing (1912), Harster (1913), Boas (1913),
Scheffer (1926), Bonnevie (1927), Boher (1930),
Schrader (1934), Essen Moller (1937, 1939), Gayer
(1938, 1940), Grueneberger (1929, 1935), Harrasser
(1934) (1935), Komai (1937), Mueller (1928, 1930,
1931), Lauter (1930), Nurenberger (1925), Weninger
(1935, 1937).
TWINS STUDIES
From the time immemorial the twins and
mutiplebirths have not only fascinated the
common primitive man but the investigators. A
number of writers, novelists, poets, dramatists,
anthropologists geneticist, film producers have
taken a very keen interest. The literature is replete
with the mistaken identy of monozygotic twins.
The author in his magnum opus has given an
intensive account of MZ,DZ twins but also of
other possible rare type of twins. For the detailed
account please refer to Kumbnani (2000). Several
eminent anthropologists have made a detailed
study of the features of dermatoglyphics of twins.
They are Montgomery (1926), Siemens (1927), Von
Verschuer (1928), Cummins (1930), Ennenbach
(1930), Newman (1930, 1931), Rife (1933), Meyer-
Heydenhagen (1934), Weninger (1935), Cummins
(1936), Volotzkoy (1936), Geipel (1937, 1939), Mac
Arthur (1937), Steffens (1938), Geyer (1939), Rife
(1943), Pena (1979), Khatoon (1986).
DERMATOGLYPHICS CORRELATED
WITH DISEASES
After having the a good grip of the basics of
dermatoglyphics the icons of this field were
inspired to search and investigate its correlation
with various types of afflictions like psychological,
physiological, neurological depression, epilepsy,
schizophrenia, debilitating demensias, neurofibromatosis,
mongolion idiocy, psoriasis, later
when cytological investigations revealed the
numerical and structurcal, aberrations correlated
with dermatoglyphics. Some of the typical examples
are like the high frequency of Ulnar loops in
trisomy of group G chromosome, more frequency
of Arches in the deletion of short arm of chromosome
5, high finger ridge count in XXX
chromosomes, High value of Main Line Index in
trisomy-G (for details see schaumann and Alter,
1976).
Hand with Absence of Finger Prints
One and the only case afflicted with Naggely
Syndrome Dermatopathia pigmentosa rarest
amongst the rare reported the absence of finger
and palm prints although recorded earlier but
reported by the Times of India in 2000. The author
would gladly welcome, appreciate and acknowledge
more such cases.
A number of investigators have reported the
features of dermatoglyphics correlated with
various types of diseases.
Fere (1905), Bonnevie (1927, 1933), Blumel
(1928), Bettmann (1932), Blotevogel (1933),
Krieger (1934), Newmann (1934), Cummins (1936,
1937, 1939, 1940), Chattopadhyaya (1937), Duis
(1937), Moller (1937), Workman (1939), Brow
(1940), Turpin (1953, 1974), Rodewal (1962)
Uchida (1963), Holt (1964), Kumbnani (1967, 1969,
1971, 1973, 1978, 1990, 1991), Biswas (1966), Mellor
(1968) Zajazjkowska (1969), Bali (1971), Chaube
(1971, 1976, 1977), Vrdagh Laoureux (1975), Woolf
(1976), Schaumann and Alter (1976), Ayme (1979),
Balgir (1978), Eswariah Marque (1976, 1978),
Suzumori (1980), Schmidt (1981), Mukherjee (1984,
1990), Simpson (1984), Hirth (1985), Sudherland
(1985), Markov (1986), Chakraborty (1987), Bagga
(1988), Gyenis (1988), Karmakar (1988), Milong
(1988), Hauser (1989), Bhasin and Khanna (1994).
Scanning the voluminous publications on the
dermatoglyphics, it has been observed that the
study of the finger prints has been the most
favourite by the investigators, for it has been
comparatively convenient to take the prints, where
as only few committed and devoted investigators
have been able to report, findings on middle and
proximal phalange prints and same holds good
for the toe prints. Obviously it is due to the
ordous and cumbersome process of collecting
the toe prints.
FLEXION CREASES IN
DERMATOGLYPHICS
In addition to the ridges, the ventral and the
planter surfaces of the palm and soles express
the creases known as the flexion creases and
without any doubt they are the integral parts of
the palms and soles.
Cummins (1943) stated that
the flexion creases are not the elements of the
dermatoglyphics but the author of the present
paper is at a variance with the above statement,
for various logical and valid reasons. The earlier
authors were either oblivious of the creases or
had scanned the incomplete prints. In such
situations the exact levels of the axial triradii were
not clear or remained ambiguous. As such they
were orbitranily taken as proximal (t), medial (t’)
and distal (t”), respectively. Cummins was optimist
that in future more precise methods would be
deviced to evaluate their exact levels.
Some of the eminent flexion creases of the
palm are the brecelet creases positioned proximally.
Radial longitudinal crease, Proximal transeverse
crease and the distal transvere crease, repectively.
Contrary to the observation of Cummins the
present author is of the conviction that the flexion
creases are the integral part of palm and are even
most important landmarks of the dermatoglyphics.
The axial triradius of the palm is the most
important features of the palm print. To ascertain
accurately the levels of it one requires two
important creases, namely the bracelet crease and
the metacarno-phalangeal crease of the fourth
digit. Joining both of these creases passing
through the most proximal axial triradius and the
triradius of the fourth digit and extending it to the
metacarpo-phalangeal crease of the fourth digit,
the lower half of this axis provides the basis of
various axial triradii, thus ascertaing the position
t, t’ & t”, respectively. Kumbnani (2004) has
devised the model designed to ascertain metrically
the various levels of this triradius of the human
palm. This also helps in the formulation of the
dual patterns in the hypothenar areas.
Some of the flexion creases are also associated
with the afflictions of chromosomal aberrations
like simiam crease. This creases on the distal part
of the palm starting from uinar side continuing to
radial side. As such there would be two creases
in the palm rather than three as usual. Such a
crease is called a simian crease for it is commonly
found in simians. However, in general population
in is obverved to the approximately four percent.
Most often in syndromes like Trisomy-G, it is often
noticed and is one of the important diagnos-tic
features (for details are Schaumann and Alter,
1976)
The palm formula would be rootless without
the bracelet crease and metaphalageal creases.
Hence the flexion creases are the integral parts of
the dermatoglyphics as claimed in earlier pages
by this author and the stand vidicated.
CONCLUSION
To sum up, having understood the basics of
dermatoglyphics the prime importance has been
of investigate the implication, application and the
utility of this valueable knowledge. Many of the
investigators have pulled up their energies in
comparing the frequencies of various patterns
among different communities and population to
establish their relative ethnic position in the fabirc
of the society.
The other most important parameter
of dermatoglyphics is the inheritance. All the
physical featuers of the human body including
the dermatoglyphics are inherited as per the laws
propounded by Mendel. It was in 1993 that the
author himself after scanning the palms of 120,000
palms for the first time in the history of palm prints
observed and recorded the pattern loop in the
parathenar area of palm.
The features of
dermatoglyphics are most important in the medicolegal
cases of disputes of paternity. It has a very
crucial role in the diagnosis of monozygotic and
dizygotic twins. The features of dermatoglyphics
also express the correlation in many somatic,
physiological, neurological and cytological afflictions
and syndromes. In the middle of the last
century when the cytological evidences came to
the fore with numerical and structural aberrations
of the chromosomes. In trisomy G the typical ulnar
loops, simian crease, distal displacement of axial
triradius, high value of main line index have been
recorded. High frequency of arches are often
associated with Cat-Cry-Syndrome. High finger
ridge count is commonly recorded with trisomy
of X chromosome. One of the rarest syndrome
reported is Naggely syndrome Dermatopathia
pigmentosa reported the absence of finger and
palm prints. The author would welcome, appreciate
and acknowledge more such cases.
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